As 11-year old Natacha tosses and turns in a hospital bed in a village in Central African Republic (CAR), her parents sit close by, their faces drawn with worry. A doctor and nurse from Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) are preparing to treat their daughter for sleeping sickness (human African trypanosomiasis), a tropical disease that penetrates the liquid around the brain and, if not treated quickly enough, is fatal.

Natacha Minissale first showed symptoms three months earlier, but armed groups were roaming the area, making all travel risky, and her parents delayed seeking treatment. As her condition worsened, her parents heard through the village leader that MSF doctors were in the nearby town of Mboki treating people with sleeping sickness. “We decided to take the risk and make the trip anyway,” says her father.

Sleeping sickness is transmitted by the tsetse fly, and is mainly found in central Africa. During the first stage of the illness, people feel feverish and weak, but once the parasite enters their central nervous system, their symptoms change, and they become confused, lose their coordination and suffer sleep disturbances and personality changes. Their mental faculties deteriorate until eventually they sink into a coma – the long sleep which gives the illness its name.

Central African Republic 2012 © Sebastian Bolesch
A local health worker takes a blood sample  from a woman in Mboki, Central African Republic, as part of a sleeping  sickness screening  campaign by MSF. Sleeping sickness, transmitted by the tsetse fly and mainly found in central Africa, is a neglected yet devastating disease in the region.

MSF’s mobile sleeping sickness team spent 18 days in early July screening and treating people for the disease in Mboki, in CAR’s Haut M'boumou region. In the week before screening started, community health workers, with the help of local authorities, travelled around the area raising awareness of the disease and passing on the message that free testing and treatment was available.

Since 2006, monitoring and controlling sleeping sickness in the remote and inaccessible southeast ofCARhas been particularly difficult due to cross-border attacks by the Ugandan rebel group the Lord's Resistance Army.

During their 18 days in Mboki, MSF staff screened 4,534 people. Thirty were suspected of carrying the disease and six cases were confirmed. Currently, the most common treatment for the disease is nifurtimox-eflornithine combination therapy (NECT) which, while an improvement on previous treatments, is still complicated to administer, requiring multiple injections and close patient monitoring – things which are often unavailable in sub-Saharan Africa.

One of those diagnosed in Mboki was Marie Claire, a young woman in the early stages of pregnancy. To protect her unborn child from the toxic drugs, she will not start treatment until the second trimester of her pregnancy. In the meantime, MSF staff based permanently in Haut M'boumou will monitor her closely. "For now she is in good health, but sleeping sickness is a chronic disease and she will need to be evaluated weekly," says Brian d’Cruz, a doctor with the MSF mobile team.

Marie Claire is fortunate in that she was diagnosed before the disease had done permanent damage.  But for others, treatment comes too late. Tragically, 11-year-old Natacha died two days after arriving at Mboki hospital.

MSF’s sleeping sickness specialists are determined that deaths like Natacha’s will soon be something of the past, and that the disease will be reduced in central Africa. Over the past decade, the number of reported sleeping sickness cases has dropped, while treatments have improved. One major obstacle to eliminating the disease is the lack of easy-to-use tests and oral medicines that can be used in remote settings – although two oral drugs are currently being developed; another obstacle is that national sleeping sickness programs often lack staff and funds.

Until sleeping sickness is finally eradicated, MSF will continue to work to improve access to quality care for people suffering from this neglected yet devastating disease.

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